2021;69(10):2865-2866. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1477_21, Sonawane NJ, Yadav D, Kota AR, Singh HV. Internet Explorer). Simultaneously, they began to use oral acetazolamide, topical pilocarpine, beta-blocker, and prednisolone acetate drops.After stabilization of IOP, Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet;(ND: YAG) Laser iridotomy was performed on all patients. Kozarsky insists the new practice environment is even better for patients and staff now than it was before the pandemic. government site. Both recurrent and new onset cases of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease following COVID-19 vaccination have also been reported[12][13]. In addition to chronic eye conditions, there are also eye emergencies for which patients should seek immediate medical care even as the coronavirus pandemic peaks, says Dr. Alan Kozarsky, an ophthalmologist and eye surgeon at Eye Consultants of Atlanta. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Search vaccines.gov, text your ZIP code to 438829, or call 1-800-232-0233 to find COVID-19 vaccine locations near you. Acute macular neuroretinopathy[39][40][41], central retinal artery occlusion40[42], central retinal vein occlusion[43][44], central serous chorioretinopathy[45], paracentral acute middle maculopathy[46], and retinal hemorrhage[47] have all been reported in the peer-reviewed literature following COVID-19 vaccination. Its worth noting, though, that at least one isolated incident of an eye-related side effect has been reported a health care worker in the United States who experienced eye puffiness after getting a COVID-19 shot. During the shutdown, the patient developed an infection of an oil-producing gland in the eyelid. ROSEMONT, Ill. (April 7, 2021) As COVID-19 vaccination ramps up globally, new research published today in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology demonstrates the wide variety of skin rashes, including full-body rashes, observed after COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. It should be noted that there are no peer-reviewed cases of adverse COVID-19 vaccination effects in glaucoma patients[9]. Orbital Inflammation Following COVID-19 Vaccination. Angle-closure glaucoma; COVID 19 infection; hyponatremia. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034577, Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Madhi SA, et al. One study showed nearly one-fourth of children at a Chinese hospital who were treated in January, February and March 2020 for COVID-19 had developed mild eye problems. 2000-2023 AAV Media, LLC. PA-5108 is under clinical development by PolyActiva and currently in Phase II for Open-Angle Glaucoma. and JavaScript. Another change is access to outpatient clinics and surgeries such as those in ophthalmology, which has become . Tests of those samples turned up evidence that SARS-CoV-2 had invaded the eye tissues. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Eye Contact Lens. "And from there, it could have become a systemic infection" with a potentially deadly outcome. Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in COVID 19 infection. Bilateral Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy After Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2. These reported side effects are similar to ocular manifestations reported with the COVID-19 infection, so there may be a common pathway between the immune-mediated response to the vaccine and the virus itself. Ocular adverse events following COVID-19 vaccines, although exceedingly rare, have also been documented[8][9]. In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said people with a history of vaccine allergies can get the Covid-19 vaccine. The Pfizer, Moderna, and Novavax vaccines have been shown to be at least . Experts agree that while this case is 'interesting', it leaves open a number of questions. While headache is a common side effect of the COVID-19 vaccines, you may have . Keratitis has also been reported as an adverse event following COVID-19 vaccines[35][36][37]. Their serum sodium levels were lower than 135 mmol / L. At the initial ophthalmic examination, all cases had diffuse corneal edema with shallow anterior chambers and mid-dilated non-reacting pupils.The choroid was evaluated as normal by ocular ultrasonography. An official website of the United States government. 2021;9(12):1404. doi:10.3390/vaccines9121404, Shah AP, Dzhaber D, Kenyon KR, Riaz KM, Ouano DP, Koo EH. Fear of side effects, including how it may affect vision, ranks as the primary reason that some Americans remain hesitant to be vaccinated against the virus that causes COVID-19. Int Med Case Rep J. Survey results showed that the largest change in terms of percentage of patients who agree or strongly agree occurred in item Q2, Q4, Q7 and Q8, which all showed at least a 1015% decrease in agreement from pre COVID questionnaire (Fig. Acute Thyroiditis and Bilateral Optic Neuritis following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination with CoronaVac: A Case Report. But about a week later, she experienced pain and vision loss in one eye, and then in her other eye a few days afterward. Bilateral EK Rejection After COVID-19 Vaccine. Currently, there's no evidence that any of the available COVID-19 vaccines cause widespread vision-related side effects. Experts suspected for a long time that the virus can also infiltrate the eyes. TTS is extremely unlikely and occurs in about 3 in every 1 million adults. READ NEXT: The delta variant and your eyes, Page published on Thursday, January 14, 2021. Case report: The first patient was a 79-year-old female was presented to us 35 days after a sudden bilateral loss of vision, which occurred two days after receiving the second recombinant mRNA vaccine (Pfizer . 5-10 cc/kg mannitol was given to all patients intravenously within 30 min. In addition, at least one ophthalmologist Dr. Jorge Arroyo of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, United States participated in the trial of the Moderna vaccine for COVID-19. When COVID hit, Myra decided to skip the appointments with her eye doctor, whose office is in San Francisco, about two hours away. MeSH Data and anecdotal reports from earlier in the pandemic pointed to plummeting hospital admissions for serious issues such as heart attack and stroke. Now there is growing concern that COVID-19 could damage the eyes of those who get sick. doi: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000001864. 2021;113:116-118. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.075, Fowler N, Mendez Martinez NR, Pallares BV, Maldonado RS. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. 1. The patient-reported outcome and experience measure (POEM) is a validated eight-item questionnaire for use in glaucoma [1, 2]. Candidates should have a MD degree and be board certified or board eligible in ophthalmology, fellowship-trained in glaucoma, and be eligible for medical licensure in the state of Texas. Eighteen days later, her symptoms disappeared, and she tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Study author and board-certified dermatologist encourages the public to get vaccinated. Coronavirus cases, hospitalizations and deaths are on the decline. Indian J Ophthalmol. Local safety organizations are investigating this among other rare allergic reactions to the coronavirus vaccine produced by Pfizer and BioNTech. Although we are not frontline health care providers, we all see patients face to face at the slit lamp and in surgery, so we have all been at substantial risk until we get vaccinated, Culbertson said. To examine whether anti-VEGF drug injections increase risk of glaucoma, the researchers reviewed the cases of more than 800 people in British Columbia who received bevacizumab injections to treat . Opthalmology is among the medical specialties hit hardest by restrictions and fears tied to the coronavirus pandemic. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.2471, Valenzuela DA, Groth S, Taubenslag KJ, Gangaputra S. Acute macular neuroretinopathy following Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. While it's not clear how the virus got into the patient's eyes, the experts agreed that the case underscores the importance of eye protection. doi:10.1136/bcr-2021-245792, Khan TA, Sidhu N, Khan L, et al. PMC We look on with concern, as the COVID-19 virus pandemic continues to disrupt the delivery of ophthalmic care. Med Arch. More research and clinical trials need to be done to include younger children in COVID-19 vaccine trials. 2021;24:101200. doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2021.101200, Lee S, Sankhala KK, Bose S, Gallemore RP. All rights reserved. window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({ mode: "thumbnails-m", container: "taboola-mid-article-thumbnails", placement: "Mid Article Thumbnails", target_type: "mix" });window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({flush: true}); TheHealthSite.com is India's fastest growing health information site with a team of health professionals and writers committed to providing unique, authentic, credible, well-researched, and timely information on topics related to physical and mental health. Pre-pandemic, many glaucoma units were already managing a backlog of outpatients, associated with heightened anxiety around aspects of glaucoma care [4]. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. What was claimed. 2012;53:59407. 2022;41(5):669-672. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000002980, Ryu KJ, Kim DH. COVID-19 vaccinations are highly effective at preventing severe, symptomatic disease[2][3][4]. Cases of Herpes zoster ophthalmicus have been reported after both the first and second doses of COVID-19 vaccines[18][19]. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The patient had to be hospitalised again, where she was diagnosed with acute angle-closure glaucoma and cataract. The vaccines are not safe, because they were developed so fast. It is true that many patients with COVID-19 do develop the eye condition known as pink eyes or conjunctivitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. When side effects occurred among participants, the most common reactions were: Injection-site symptoms, including pain, swelling, and redness. It's highly unlikely you will experience vision symptoms due to the COVID-19 vaccine. Are contact lenses a good choice for kids? 2021;44(8):e445-e447. Those patients, though, should be told about the unknown risks. One case of bilateral immune-mediated keratolysis was associated with vaccination, which was treated with tectonic penetrating keratoplasty and post-operative steroid antibiotics[38]. This can also be triggered by certain medications. The coronavirus tidal wave has made Dr. Ruth Williams rethink what she considers essential and elective care in her field of ophthalmology which cases constitute an emergency, and which count as routine. One study found rare instances of corneal inflammation in children (chickenpox) and adults (shingles) after they received the zoster virus vaccine for both conditions. Glaucoma. One case of a patient with a previous history of PKP further described a reactivation of herpes simplex keratitis shortly after vaccination[35]. Three vaccines are currently being used in the United States: Pfizer-BioNTech, now fully approved by the FDA under the brand name Comirnaty. 2022;45(6):597-602. doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2022.01.006, Malerbi FK, Schoeps VA, T F Matos K. Paracentral acute middle maculopathy in Susac syndrome after dual exposure to SARS-CoV-2 antigen. "In ophthalmology, the decision to skip or delay treatment rarely results in a life-or-death type of scenario," says Dr. Kenneth Neufeld, an ophthalmologist and oculoplastic surgeon at the Thomas Eye Group in the Atlanta area. Two large studies have found a small increase in the absolute risk of rare types of blood clot in the head following a first dose of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. Around the world, measles causes as many as 60,000 cases of blindness each year, according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO). "Adults of any age with certain underlying medical conditions are at increased . The measles vaccine is the best option for preventing the disease and, therefore, preventing measles-related vision problems. PMID: 35323144; PMCID: PMC9093224. Side Effects. Those problems included: But the study was limited. A severe allergic reaction would usually occur within a few minutes to one hour after getting a dose of the Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine. 2021;47(11):625-628. doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000840, Wasser LM, Roditi E, Zadok D, Berkowitz L, Weill Y. Keratoplasty Rejection After the BNT162b2 messenger RNA Vaccine. All About Vision does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. While COVID-19 vaccines havent been tied to serious vision issues, researchers have detected eye problems in a number of children with the disease itself. Contact an eye doctor if you need medical attention. Recurrence of Varicella-Zoster Virus Keratitis After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. A proposal to ban abortion clinics in Utah and have them provided exclusively at hospitals passed the Utah Senate, The online counseling service BetterHelp has agreed to return $7.8 million to customers to settle with the Federal Trade Commission for sharing with companies including Facebook and Snapchat health data it had promised to keep private, Italian prosecutors have closed a COVID-19 investigation that accuses officials of wrongdoing for failing to extend a lockdown zone in the early days of the pandemic to the northern city of Bergamo and adjacent industrial valleys. "We've upped our game." Other eye emergencies include trauma and cancer. A number of biopharmaceutical companies have applied for U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) emergency use authorization for a new COVID-19 vaccine and a limited number of vaccines will be available before the end of the year. Symptoms of COVID-19 Infection and Glaucoma. Antibody dependant enhancement is a rare but genuine risk when it comes to creating new vaccines. Emerging data has also shown increased patient anxiety and concern regarding their eye care. These symptoms can be the result of problems like retinal tears and retinal detachments; eye strokes, which occur when a blood clot blocks an artery in the retina; or eye infections all of which can lead to scarring, permanent damage or complete vision loss. She now takes additional medication and may have to undergo laser surgery. GlobalData's report assesses how PA-5108's drug-specific PTSR and . Management of intermittent angle closure glaucoma with Nd: YAG laser iridotomy as a primary procedure. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. There are four approved or authorized vaccines in the United States. Getting vaccinated is the best way to help protect people from COVID-19. Acute-onset central serous retinopathy after immunization with COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. He adds that eye scans, called OCTs, clearly show that the longer treatment is delayed, the more a patient's vision declines. The patient was a 64-year-old woman who was hospitalized for COVID-19 on Jan 31. Results: 2021;29(4):741-742. doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.1949478, Pan L, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Wu X. Front Public Health. Contact your state health department to find . No. volume36,pages 653655 (2022)Cite this article. Those and other side effects arent stopping eye care professionals in the U.S. from rolling up their sleeves to receive COVID-19 shots or to even administer the vaccinations. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in When she finally visited her doctor after a break of more than three months, she was legally blind. COVID-19 is a viral disease that primarily affects the respiratory system. Wearing eye protection in addition to a face mask is a good idea. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. Methods: Retina: Retinal microvascular changes have been noted on ocular imaging in people with COVID-19. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. People with autoimmune diseases at risk of 'bad outcomes' from COVID-19. 2022;70(1):308-309. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1757_21, Hanhart J, Roditi E, Wasser LM, Barhoum W, Zadok D, Brosh K. Central serous chorioretinopathy following the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Rare side effects include short-term seizures and low platelet count. Eye Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Presentation of this work and link to additional material: While conducting this research, we also used conversations with four patients to brief an actress who prepared a monologue that highlights these key areas, accessible via the following link, https://player.vimeo.com/video/488126493. Reshef ER, Freitag SK, Lee NG. Get vaccinated. 2022;29:e01536. (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). A new study from the General Hospital of the Central Theater Command in Wuhan, China, published in the journal JAMA Ophthalmology, says that there is strong scientific evidence of the virus affecting the eyes. - A case series. Published literature to date demonstrates very few post-COVID-vaccination cases of optic neuritis[18][19][20][21] and ischemic optic neuropathy[22][23]. Login. It's unclear if her eyesight will ever be back to where it was before the pandemic. J Neurol Sci. In a Dec. 2, 2020, letter to the head of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Dr. William Reynolds, president of the American Optometric Association, wrote that the organizations members stand ready to assist the public and aid the nations health care community in the response to the COVID-19 outbreak.. Common side effects of the MMR vaccine include fever, mild rash, swollen cheek or neck glands, and temporary joint pain (mostly in teenage and adult females). According to the CDC, the vast majority of vaccine side effects are mild, and are "normal signs that your body is building protection." Population estimates from 2019 US Census Bureau. 2021;139(7):e212471. However, there are indications that it can also affect different organs and parts of the body. He, as have most of his colleagues across the country, has resumed operating. COVID-19 vaccines are widely recommended to the general public for prevention of severe disease courses. 2022;240:79-98. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2022.02.011. Overall, the results of our study show that patients are more uncertain of their glaucoma care. Correspondence to Fraenkel A, Lee GA, Vincent SJ, Vincent RA, Bourne RRA, Shah P. Lessons learned from the development and implementation of a patient-reported outcome and experience measure (POEM) in an Australian glaucoma practice. J Fr Ophtalmol. But the patient in the abovementioned study suffered acute angle-closure glaucoma. . Pugliese, of Geisinger, said there's no question that people with rheumatoid arthritis should get vaccinated. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2021;23:101136. doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2021.101136. "Any new or substantial change in vision should be a warning sign," he says, such as blurry vision, eye pain or a sudden decrease in sight. New, Trending, Top rated & Bestsellers . Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Limitations. Indian J Ophthalmol. Published online 2022:502-504, Al-Dwairi RA, Aleshawi A, Adi S, Abu-Zreig L. Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Keratitis on a Corneal Graft Following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination. "I feel guilty," Myra concedes, "and I think over and over, 'Should I have pushed myself harder to fight my fears? Responses to Q4 demonstrate that patients are increasingly less confident that the progression of their glaucoma remains stable. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an ongoing global health crisis that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine hesitancy remains high with a global vaccine acceptance rate ranging from 54% to 86%. Evidence is growing that Covid-19 vaccines may worsen the disease in some recipients because antibodies developed as a result of the jab can end up enhancing disease rather than protecting against infection. Although some patients had a previous history of uveitis-related diseases that may have predisposed them to this phenomenon, many notably did not[11]. For the shingles vaccine, common side effects are sore arm, redness and swelling at the injection site, tiredness, muscle pain, headache, shivering, fever, stomach pain and nausea. Backed by in-depth research and accompanied by news and analysis, the site features comprehensive rankings drawn from an examination of nearly 3,000 counties and county-equivalents on 89 metrics across 10 categories, informing residents, health care leaders and officials about local policies and practices that drive better health outcomes for all. The link between COVID-19 and episcleritis may include vasculo-immunological factors and coagulation disorders. American Journal of Ophthalmology. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. The previous . In addition, at least one ophthalmologist Dr. Jorge Arroyo of Bostons Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center participated in the trial of the Moderna vaccine for COVID-19. Very few cases reported a previous history of herpes zoster ophthalmicus[20] and many documented a notable lack of vesicular rash accompanying ocular manifestations[21][22] . Around the world, measles causes as many as 60,000 cases of blindness each year, according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO). Vision Problems Part of COVID's . Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Other potential vision issues associated with measles include: Red and watery eyes triggered by pink eye (conjunctivitis). Questionnaire responses conducted during the pandemic were compared to those pre-pandemic. Reactivation of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease under control for more than 6years, following anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. It is used when the eyes have been irritated by allergies, irritation, or infection. '", Williams says that unfortunately, "glaucoma is often considered non-emergent." Three million people in the United States and 80 million people worldwide have glaucoma. One needed surgery after a bad fall, but because the clinic's outpatient surgery center was closed, Neufeld had to take the patient to a local hospital that let him operate. 2022;15:7-14. doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S328931, Endo B, Bahamon S, Martnez-Pulgarn DF. Indiadotcom Digital Private Limited, Essel Studio,FC-19, Sector 16-A,Noida - 201301, India, COVID-19 Live Updates: China May See Over 36,000 Deaths Daily This Month, Experts Predict Future of COVID, Coronavirus Live Updates: COVID-19 XBB.1.5 Variant Cases Rising In India, INSACOG Warns, Coronavirus Live Updates| Omicron XBB.1.5 Accounts For More Than 40% Of COVID-19 Cases In The US. Eye. Several patients notably had prior histories of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK)2326[25][26][27][28] or penetrating keratoplasty (PKP)[25][29][30]. "We've learned the dance," he adds. Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines are mRNA vaccines. Results: The common characteristic of all cases was positive PCR test for COVID 19 infection . National Library of Medicine Cornea. She previously lost one eye and suffers from wet macular degeneration a particularly severe from of the disease in the other. Multiple case reports have documented anterior uveitis following both the first and second doses of COVID-19 vaccines[8][9]. Compliance with the COVID-19 vaccine mandate enforced by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) is a requirement for this position. Certain eye related symptoms like red eyes, pain in the eyeballs or watery eyes were found, but these symptoms are very unusual and cannot be stated as an effect of COVID-19 vaccination yet. The measles vaccine is the best option for preventing the disease and, therefore, preventing measles-related vision problems. Ng XL, Betzler BK, Ng S, Chee SP, Rajamani L, Singhal A, Rousselot A, Pavesio CE, Gupta V, de Smet MD, Agrawal R. The Eye of the Storm: COVID-19 Vaccination and the Eye. The 56-year-old, who does not want her full name published for privacy reasons, has glaucoma in both eyes. 2021;16(3):490-501. doi:10.18502/jovr.v16i3.9443, Tsukii R, Kasuya Y, Makino S. Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy following COVID-19 Vaccination: Consequence or Coincidence. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. "These surgeries have to be done in a timely manner," he explains, as the initial cancer removal often "leaves the patient susceptible to infection, scarring and disfigurement.". But the UK's Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) has recommended . This was screened in an online seminar entitled A 360 degree look at new care models in glaucoma-making virtual clinics work for patients, clinicians and service providers on 15th October 2020, organised and funded by Santen UK Limited. 2 X. ZHOU ET AL. All Services Search; Breast Care; Cancer Center; Cardiology; Centers for Living & Rehab Copyright 2022 Indiadotcom Digital Private Limited. These large percentage changes show increasing uncertainty amongst patients about how their glaucoma is managed during the crisis. 2021;41(12):2462-2471. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000003277, Papasavvas I, Herbort CP. Global OTC Farmacia. Once she went back to see her specialist in mid-July, he confirmed what she'd suspected: Her vision had decreased. Central retinal vein occlusion after mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A case report. Fact-Checked. Now, scientists have more direct evidence of it. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Services. Article In the United States, there are several vaccines that are effective at protecting people from getting seriously ill, being hospitalized, and dying from COVID-19. The impacts of COVID-19 on glaucoma patient outcomes as assessed by POEM. Table 3 shows the antibody . When only isolated eye symptoms occur, it can be confusing since many other things can cause similar . Disclaimer. SEE RELATED: 5 ways measles can affect eyesight. Lee C, Park KA, Ham DI, et al. One of Murray's patients is a 73-year-old woman who lives in a nursing home. Maaz A. Khan1, Bryan L. C. Loh1, Gopija Nanthagopan1, Arun James Thirunavukarasu1, Aaron P. L. Fleming1, Suraya Yusuf1, Xiu Sheng Tan1, Shravan V. Gowrishankar1, Mrudula Utukuri1, Gabriella C. A. Gilks1, Marie-Julie Anna Maria Cnudde1, Sajan Rajani1, Lionel Dufour1, Reema Pujari1, Rynda Nitiahpapand1, Paolo Scollo1, Rupert Bourne1, Geoffrey Chan1, Sharon Springdal1, Daniel Kelly1, Amy Page1, Cambridge Eye Research Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospital NHS, Cambridge, UK, Rathin Pujari,Geoffrey Chan,Ian Tapply,Maaz A. Khan,Bryan L. C. Loh,Gopija Nanthagopan,Arun James Thirunavukarasu,Aaron P. L. Fleming,Suraya Yusuf,Xiu Sheng Tan,Shravan V. Gowrishankar,Mrudula Utukuri,Gabriella C. A. Gilks,Marie-Julie Anna Maria Cnudde,Sajan Rajani,Lionel Dufour,Reema Pujari,Rynda Nitiahpapand,Paolo Scollo,Rupert Bourne,Geoffrey Chan,Sharon Springdal,Daniel Kelly,Amy Page&Rupert R. Bourne, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Medicine, Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK, You can also search for this author in