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[citation needed] Nonetheless, by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. 1845. In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. You can find out more on the conflicts between England and France, the Wars of the Roses and also the Tudors in our history courses. It is a sobering reflection for professional historians that the apparently unpromising territory of Henry's reign has recently produced two memorable books, both of them written outside their ranks: this one, and Ann Wroe's biography of the pretender, Perkin (2003), a longer work on a shorter subject. He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. What old December's bareness every where! We know that Henry attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride . He created the Tudor dynasty. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. [81], Henry VII and Elizabeth had seven children:[b]. In that, he was quite successful, but he was neither loved nor admired. That is, suspicious, insecure and crafty but also determined, patient and fiercely proud of his Lancastrian ancestry. [21], Henry devised a plan to seize the throne by engaging Richard quickly because Richard had reinforcements in Nottingham and Leicester. If you missed the programme then here is the YouTube video for you enjoy! The union was both symbolic and necessary. Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty . One interesting thing about him is his early youth and the fourteen years he spent in exile in France Brittany to be precise and those, I believe, made him the man he was eventually to become. Henry showed remarkable clemency to the surviving rebels: he pardoned Kildare and the other Irish nobles, and he made the boy, Simnel, a servant in the royal kitchen where he was in charge of roasting meats on a spit. [75], Henry VII died of tuberculosis at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 and was buried in the chapel he commissioned in Westminster Abbey next to his wife, Elizabeth. [30] Before departing for London, Henry sent Robert Willoughby to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the Tower of London. : (April 25, 1883. But he leaves us wondering how Henry got away with it. Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. That was to prevent the King of France capturing him and letting him loose on the English as a rival. [24][17][25] He was 29 years old, she was 20. The rebels were defeated (June 1487) in a hard-fought battle at Stoke (East Stoke, near Newark in Nottinghamshire), where the doubtful loyalty of some of the royal troops was reminiscent of Richard IIIs difficulties at Bosworth. Elizabeth had died in childbirth, so Henry had the dispensation also permit him to marry Catherine himself. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . In many ways, it highlights that Henry VIII was a feckless inheritor of the tools of Machiavellian power, but had no idea to what productive end to put them. The nobility was forced into bonds, legal agreements that they would act as the King wanted or be fined. [59][60][61], He was content to allow the nobles their regional influence if they were loyal to him. His spies and informers were everywhere. Elizabeth of York was Queen consort of England as spouse of King Henry VII from 1486 until her death on February 11th, 1503. [69] The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth. By 1500, Henry felt safer and things were looking good. I don't read a lot of NF because I usually find it to be tedious, but The Winter King certainly wasn't that. Soon after his fathers burial on 10 May, Henry suddenly declared that he would indeed marry Catherine, leaving unresolved several issues concerning the papal dispensation and a missing part of the marriage portion. Dydd Gyl Dewi Hapus! [4] Owen is said to have secretly married the widow of Henry V, Catherine of Valois. Loyalty was ensured, and the nobility was effectively neuteredand Henry became the richest monarch in Europe. (ROYAL HISTORY) Directors Stuart Elliott Genres Documentary, International Subtitles English [CC] Audio languages English. Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. Claire is going live on YouTube on 11 February! His early reign was plagued by pretenders to the throne, giving the new Tudor dynasty a rocky start and a fear of conspiracy which dogged Henry VII throughout his life. Together, they had seven children. Seriously, got nudged by my partner when I'd nodded off. Watch for $0.00 with Prime. Both parties realised they were mutually disadvantaged by the reduction in commerce. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Moneywise, King Henry the VII was frugal and careful with money. Well written and really interesting about an often ignored king. After obtaining the dispensation, Henry had second thoughts about the marriage of his son and Catherine. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty and father of Henry VIII and Ive been doing a bit of digging on this lesser known Tudor. Happy St Davids Day! Richard III's death at Bosworth Field effectively ended the Wars of the Roses. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. I wasn't disappointed because, as usual, he did a great job with the narration. Henry VIII Books livestream YouTube 18 February 2023, February 13 A queen and her lady-in-waiting are beheaded. He paid very close attention to detail, and instead of spending lavishly he concentrated on raising new revenues. It was really very well researched and painstakingly written. I would read more by this author. [citation needed], During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny;[71] these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. The devastated King became so ill that he was close to death, but then he recovered and Penn explains that when he took control once more, he was remorseless. The portly Henry VIII, and the ill-fated destinies of most of his six wives, is one of the first historical figures primary-aged pupils are aware of.. More wrote that this King is loved and compared Henrys accession to the coming of a new season, a new spring following a winter of repression. Thus, Henry Tudor had no choice but to gather together an army including mercenary soldiers as well as his own supporters, and he landed in Wales in August, 1485. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). When he died, his only surviving son, Henry VIII, succeeded him without a breath of opposition. For me, history is alive and energizing - not something static and remote. [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. It seems that Henry was skilful at extracting money from his subjects on many pretexts, including that of war with France or war with Scotland. Henry VII was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII. Categories: Monarchy, NewsTags: birth of Tudor dynasty, Henry Tudor, Henry VII, Thomas Penn, Tudor dynasty, Winter King, Copyright 2023 The Anne Boleyn Files Henry needed an heir to secure his reign and fortunately an heir came quickly. When the Lancastrian cause crashed to disaster at the Battle of Tewkesbury (May 1471), Jasper took the boy out of the country and sought refuge in the duchy of Brittany. Henry then cemented his claim to the throne and his dynastic ambitions by marrying Elizabeth of York and bringing the Houses of Lancaster and York together; the red rose and white rose combined to become the Tudor rose. The first rising, that of Lord Lovell, Richard IIIs chamberlain, in 1486 was ill-prepared and unimportant, but in 1487 came the much more serious revolt of Lambert Simnel. In response to this threat within his own household, the King instituted more rigid security for access to his person. My obsession is European history from the 12th through 17th centuries - especially British history - so of course, when I was offered the chance to review this book, my interest was piqued immediately. Henry VII ruled as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do through fear rather than love. The reigns of his three predecessors were interrupted or foreshortened. ), The Reign of Henry VII. [55] Since alum was mined in only one area in Europe (Tolfa, Italy), it was a scarce commodity and therefore especially valuable to its land holder, the Pope. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth of York. Penn is not one to understate a case. [2] His father died three months before his birth. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 11 February 1503) was Queen of England from her marriage to King Henry VII on 18 January 1486 until her death. February 7 Sir Francis Bryan loses an eye and Henry VIII has a new love, An interview with historical novelist Sandra Byrd, Henry VIII and His Six Wives event open for registration. Author of, Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. Henry VII was also shown, but his black line just traced back to Owen Tudor, a chamber servant. His father was the son of Owen Tudor, a Welsh squire, and Catherine of France, the widow of King Henry V. His mother was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, whose children by Catherine Swynford were born before he married her. The whole system was ingeniously designed to ensure the unchallenged supremacy of the king while stamping out any challenges to his authority from the nobles, merchants, and commons. There are an awful lot of books written about the Tudor era, both fiction and non-fiction, so you have to ask whether this book adds anything new. For example, they could replace suspect jurors in accordance with the 1495 act preventing the corruption of juries. The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder. [citation needed] Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII created a Council of Wales and the Marches for his son Arthur, which was intended to govern Wales and the Marches, Cheshire and Cornwall. This family took a dim view of Henry and it was John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who instigated the first rebellion against him. It was a fantastic programme and I highly recommend Thomas Penns book on Henry VII Winter King. Early life To be notified of special offers, news, new courses, and new tutors, please subscribe to our newsletter. [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. Backdating Henry's Reign. In 1485 Henry landed at Milford Haven in Wales and advanced toward London. Henry VII: Winter King was aired last night on BBC2 and was the latest programme in BBC2s Tudor Court Season. On 7th August 1485, he dropped anchor at Mill Bay, Milford Haven, and when he reached the beach he prayed Judge me, O Lord, and favour my cause. The odds were stacked against him in his quest to take the throne of England. His legacy was his son, Henry VIII, lucky old England Penn commented. This definitely was not that. of course, a large proportion of my opinion is probably due to the fact that i knew a lot about henry vii already, and Penn tried to create quite a thrilling/mysterious feel, which is all well and good if you don't already know how everything plays out. Edward would have liked to rid himself of Henry, a rival to his throne, but Francis kept Henry safe. No. Wolf Hall this is not. This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the Privy Council as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. 1) The number of books on Henry VII can basically be counted on one hand 2) This is Penns first book. Though outnumbered, Henry's Lancastrian forces decisively defeated Richard's Yorkist army at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. [42], The capriciousness and lack of due process that indebted many would tarnish his legacy and were soon ended upon Henry VII's death, after a commission revealed widespread abuses. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. He likens the beginning of Henry VIIIs reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. Alternate titles: Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, Professor of Medieval History, University of Liverpool, 196780. Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. ||Wordpress installation and design by http://www.MadeGlobal.com, FREE Anne Boleyn Stephens, "affords some illustrations of the avaricious and parsimonious character of the king". Still, as Penn observes, the national sense of relief in 1509 was palpable. Henry VII (28 January 1457 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. When Henry VII became king, the royal exchequer was effectively bankrupt. Henry was thus handed over to English envoys and escorted to the Breton port of Saint-Malo. [a] Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Penn then went on to talk about the heir to the throne, the young Prince Henry, who seemed very different to the King. [citation needed], Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey. These bonds were enforced by the Council Learned in the Law, a council of legal advisers who were only answerable to the King. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. His first chance came in 1483 when his aid was sought to rally Lancastrians in support of the rebellion of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham, but that revolt was defeated before Henry could land in England. Today is Shrove Tuesday time for pancakes! Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . Henry VII is known for successfully ending the War of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and for founding the Tudor dynasty. Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. Elizabeth did get pregnant, but then went into premature labour. [citation needed], In 1502, Henry VII's life took a difficult and personal turn in which many people he was close to died in quick succession. [62], Henry VII used justices of the peace on a large, nationwide scale. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. He explained how Henry VII had achieved what he set out to do, he had passed on the crown successfully. A fresh look at the endlessly fascinating Tudorsthe dramatic and overlooked story of Henry VII and his founding of the Tudor Dynastyfilled with spies, plots, counterplots, and an uneasy royal succession to Henry VIII. The fact that a Cockney could provide a recognisable representation of him gives away part of his enduring appeal; in national memory, Henry was one of the lads, the only English king to have. When Henry VII called his first parliament he used it as an opportunity to legitimise his reign. They were appointed for every shire and served for a year at a time. He was a ruler to be feared, a ruler to be paid. [citation needed] Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. He was probably baptised at St Mary's Church, Pembroke,[1] though no documentation of the event exists. For Henry VII, it was all about the money and stability. I've never read much on the reign of Henry VII - mostly because to really get to grips with his policies, you first have to get to grips with his exhaustively complicated financial policies - but Penn provides a wonderful accessibility through his writing, which provides valuable context to the man who founded England's most famous dynasty. [58], Henry's principal problem was to restore royal authority in a realm recovering from the Wars of the Roses. Henry was building a myth, the idea that he and his family were the true royal blood of England. [31] Despite such precautions, Henry faced several rebellions over the next twelve years. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. He had finished his palace of Richmond, he was controlling his allies and keeping an eye on his enemies, and now was the time to finalise the marriage agreement between England and Spain. Henry VII: The Winter King (95) 59min 2013 PG. Much of the ruthless machinery of control was designed to deal with ongoing challenged like pretenders and Yorkist sleepers and expats. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of. Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. Henry, son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and Margaret Beaufort, was born nearly three months after his fathers death. When Henry VII called his first parliament he used it as an opportunity to legitimise his reign. In my never-ending quest to read possibly every single published book on the Tudor monarchy, I spied this little gem a few weeks ago and picked it up. There were some sections I had to skim because I didn't feel they were relevant to the storyline, but mostly I was hooked into this very complex King. The rebellion began in Ireland, where the historically Yorkist nobility, headed by the powerful Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, proclaimed Simnel king and provided troops for his invasion of England. They were also in charge of various administrative duties, such as the checking of weights and measures. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. Henry VIII had become heir to the throne when his elder brother, Arthur, died in 1502. For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever and the world's oldest surviving dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. Iain Hollingshead reviews Henry VII: Winter King, a BBC Two documentary which examines how the first Tudor monarch came to power and went on to have a 23-year reign. The Treaty of Redon was signed in February 1489 between Henry and representatives of Brittany. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! Thomas Penn's Winter King is not really a biography of Henry VII, and more a study of what he was directing his government to do in his name. Henry started a new policy to recover Guyenne and other lost Plantagenet claims in France. He had to pay a 500 fine to save himself, to buy a pardon for the crime. If you are new the era, this wouldn't the first book I would pick up because it does flip flop around a bit in the beginning-but if you want to understand the players that ultimately have a significant impact on Henry VIII, this is the book for you. It's difficult to get a handle on Henry VII. He became paranoid and made the decision that if his people couldnt love him then they should fear him. An ally of Henry's, Viscount Jean du Qulennec[fr], soon arrived, bringing news that Francis had recovered, and in the confusion Henry was able to flee to a monastery. Castles of . [66], Henry wanted to maintain the Spanish alliance. [68] In 1505 he was sufficiently interested in a potential marriage to Joanna of Naples that he sent ambassadors to Naples to report on the 27-year-old Joanna's physical suitability. Otherwise, at the time of his father's arranging of the marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the future Henry VIII was too young to contract the marriage according to Canon Law and would be ineligible until age fourteen. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Henry's original head was cut out of the painting and replaced at some point after the work's creation. [43] According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years. King Henry the VII and King Henry the VIII both feared being invaded by foreign countries. Raised in France, admiring of Italian-trained lawyers (and reaping the reward of the return of a whole generation of educated English commoners who sat out the War of the Roses abroad), with good taste in Renaissance art and advised by his gracious wife and steely mother, Henry VII is a major figure, not a prequel. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the "English sweating sickness". [39] Despite this, during his reign he became a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer. For other uses, see, Henry holding a rose and wearing the collar of the, Law enforcement and justices of the peace, the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Cultural depictions of Henry VII of England, "Tudor Pembroke | Ymddiriedolaeth Harri Tudur | Henry Tudor Trust", "BBC Wales History Themes Pembroke The Main Street", "Westminster Abbey website: Coronations, Henry VII and Elizabeth of York", "Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Supplement To Volumes 1 and 2, Queen Katherine; Intended Marriage of King Henry VII To Queen Juana", "Domestic and foreign policy of Henry VII", "Queen Margaret's Arch | York Civic Trust", "Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond", The Reign of Henry VII. The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor. He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. [74] Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. Henry was the only child of Edmund Tudor , Earl of Richmond , and Margaret Beaufort . The king's own death seven years later had to be kept secret until his nervous entourage had ensured the succession. [citation needed], All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the justices of the peace. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. Henry the older was lean and shriveled, rigid with prudence, empty of any hunger other than a desire to secure his throne through the acquisition of cash. The 17 year-old Prince Henry became King Henry VIII and started a different era. In turn, Antwerp became an extremely important trade entrept (transshipment port), through which, for example, goods from the Baltic, spices from the east and Italian silks were exchanged for English cloth. Corrections? [32], Next, in 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy they claimed to be Edward of Warwick (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). At the same time, Flemish merchants were ejected from England. It was propaganda to spread the message that he was the rightful King. The Lancastrian Henry and his Yorkist wife Elizabeth strove to reconcile the factions, but unreconciled Yorkists, to whom he was no more than a usurper, harassed his reign. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. In other cases, he brought his over-powerful subjects to heel by decree. Here was a young man who enjoyed jousting, who enjoyed chatting with the other knights in the tiltyard and with people of low degree. This approach raised puzzling questions about similarities and differences in the development of national states. In 1485, history was about to be changed for ever by a man who was a refugee, a fugitive whod spent half his life on the run and with barely a claim to the throne: Henry Tudor. Annoyingly, much of the most interesting stuff concerns his son, and whenever Penn comments intelligently on how the events here affected the future Henry VIII's reign I found myself perking up such as the suggestion that Henry VII's marriage to Elizabeth was the kind of marriage that their second son, Prince Henry, would spend his whole life trying to find. Many of the entries show a man who loosened his purse strings generously for his wife and children, and not just on necessities: in spring 1491 he spent a great amount of gold on a lute for his daughter Mary; the following year he spent money on a lion for Elizabeth's menagerie.