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Goodin, R. 2004. Apart from it, if you've collected data on multiple variables, you can use the Bivariate or Multivariate descriptive statistics to study . An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. The Pros And Cons Of Using Clicker. (1996). in or register, Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Government American Congress Congressional Representation. A theory of justice. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. Quantitative Methodology. London: Sage. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. Holst, C. (2010). Descriptive Representation : Brief Description. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. Ethics, 91, 431450. For example, you work for a television station and want to understand your viewers better. Youve probably heard readers make that comment. Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. 6. (1998). In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. The debate about whether grades help or hinder student learning is as old as the U.S. grading system itself, dating back to the late 1800s. Crenshaw, K. (1991). Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. Comparative state feminism. Advantages of Descriptive Research. 8. While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The theory of the politics of presence (Phillips 1995) provides reasons for expecting a link between descriptive and substantive representation. See below. Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. The descriptive representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. Swain, C. M. (1993). The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. Democratic political theory. 2. Estlund, D. (2008). Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. Democracy and the new separation of powers. therefore, it is used by various industries Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. Princeton: Princeton University Press. New York: Free Press. 1. Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. Should Congress Look Like America? They also have some other benefits over traditional headphones. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? Why democracy? Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Mellom fag og feminisme: Kvinneforskning i statsvitenskap. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Theory Given that the case study focuses on an Australian MEM representative, I will use the definition of 'ethnic' by Gianni Zappala. Tables can be useful if trying to. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. The concept of representation. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. #1) Waterfall Model. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. I argue that race and ethnicity matter in congressional oversight of bureaucratic policymaking. From class actions to Miss Saigon. 7. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. New York: Routledge. Voet, R. (1992). Representatives. Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. Martin-Woolman Ltd. Home; History; Services. Pros of Representative Democracy. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Barry, B. Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (1996). Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. 4. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researchers motive and method often arise. Democracy With Adequate Representation. Evidence from Romania. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. The limitation that comes with statistics is that it can't allow you to make any sort of conclusions beyond the . An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Weldon, L. S. (2002). Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. "American Government", OpenStax, OpenStax; Rice University. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. Disadvantages of proportional representation. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. Signs, 19(3), 630657. Habermas, J. The affirmative action controversy. Marion Maddox, Kais Al-momani, Niki N. N. Dados, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, Leda Sutlovic, Toma Deelan, Danica Fink-Hafner, Jasminka Pesut, Centre for Peace and Social Justice Papers, The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation in State Legislatures, Legislative Oversight and the Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress, Women's Legislative Representation and Gender Equality: What Works in the Absence of a'Critical Mass', Quota Laws, Representation of Women and the Role of Civil Society Organizations, The Social and Political Forces Shaping Legislator-Constituent Relations: Expanding an Empirical Theory of Representation, Political Participation of Muslims in Australia, Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation.