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Technologys essence is that it is the theory that determines the practice. Before the German philosopher Leibniz declaring the principle of reason astheprinciple, it lay in hiding in the darkness of our assumptions throughout Western history. A world-picture is usually a theoretical view of the external world, while a world-view is essentially a view of life, a view of our position and place in the world and how we should act (our lifestyle and the ethics that arise from that lifestyle). With regard to the production of knowledge, Shakespeares The art is nature perhaps captures it best; it is what we as human beings are. Required fields are marked *. What counts as good evidence for a claim? of mathematics and the sciences begin with the permanent things, the unchanging things and therefore are less subject to interpretation. A question has arisen regarding the idea of added value in comment #2. Infatuation is a common example, not simply for another human being but for the outward appearances of things. Our tragic literature and our art, generally, demonstrate that there might not be as great a separation between theory and practice as we have been led to believe.Socrates once said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness and he demonstrated this in the figure of the tyrant for whom and in whom all sense ofothernesshas disappeared. The political as understood here is not what we commonly think of as political parties etc. Other connotations of the word imply some things importance or value such as a disputed goal in football where we say the goal counts i.e. Our falling away into subjective truth is not a fault of human beings: that the gods offered themselves more fully to the Greeks than to us is not our fault. The a priori is not true or correct beyond the project which it helps to define: The a priori is the title for what we believe is the essence of things i.e. 11. Adequate is a synonym for sufficient, so evidence is considered adequate when sufficient reasons are provided for the judgements that are made; and when these are provided, they are considered good evidence. All dissemination of knowledge is, in one form or another, political since it deals with the community or the polis. it is after hours, the owner is away on holidays, the owner is observing a religious festival, etc. How might the context in which knowledge is presented influence whether it is accepted or rejected? and For what purpose? Calculus arises from the need to be secure about what some thing is; it is a counting on something. You used can in your questi. There are many examples from the medical professions. Our tragic literature, on the other hand, demonstrates the implications of the lack of self-knowledge in its heroes actions which ultimately lead to their demise in most cases. An appropriate question to ask is whether or not a dialectic is possible on todays social media and what possible consequences are present. Answer (1 of 25): A value judgment must be based on knowledge, belief, or assumption (assumption as in a generalization). Culture is a 19th century word and has come to prominence with the arrival and dominance of the Human Sciences as a way of viewing the world. You also create a document with the title of your IA prompt, images of the three objects, and you will also provide a commentary on each object that identifies each object and its specific real-world context. With its articulation, the modern age bursts into blossom. We do not acquire what can be called objective knowledge of nature as that was traditionally understood. Since Descartes, the experience of human beings is as an I that relates to the world such that it renders this world to itself in the form of connections correctly established between its representations i.e. On what grounds might we doubt a claim? The TOK exhibition. How we come to understand lived experiences are especially important in the Group 3 subjects. We get together and discuss TOK Exhibition Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? The knowledge of physics, chemistry, electronics, etc. judgements, and thus sets itself over-against the world as to an object. Can New Knowledge Change Establish Values or Beliefs - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Our cognition, based as it is on the principle of reason, has great difficulty seeing and understanding this statement. To count is to reckon on or reckon up, to provide the sum of something, its total. The fact that the origin of these words is from 19th century German indicates that they are modern understandings of human beings position within the world. are the questions that can be explored in the Exhibition. Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs in order to make something for consumption. 6. This object is included in this exhibition because it shows how credible an article can become based on an individual's beliefs or values. Modern technology employs modern science. when so much then so much. The virtue of some thing was its usefulness or goodness, and it had to do with its potentialities or possibilities. Here in Bali, the gods choose to show themselves more favourably so that a Balinese person would have no trouble concurring with the ancient Greek Heraclitus that everything is full of gods. To regard moods or conscience as experiences ignores the way in which these moods disclose or how they open up for us our way of being in the world and our human being. There is no Greek world-picture: human beings are at the beck and call of Being. One can experience fear, for example, by feeling it or by witnessing it. Understandably, considering different perspectives might be challenging sometimes. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. William Blakes The Tyger and the framing of the fearful symmetry that is the tyger). In this search, we tend to look for things or at possible things which are far away from us rather than at those things that are nearest to us. To conceive the self in terms of experiencing implies that it is either pieced together from intrinsically distinct, momentary experiences or as an underlying thread that persists unchanged throughout its experiences. What counts in a project is more like a decision than a discovery; it cannot be correct or incorrect: correctness, and criteria for it, only apply within the light shed by the project i.e. 9. It is what we call research, a searching again for what has been lost. After the mind has done so, the rendering of sufficient reasons is what counts as good evidence and a good explanation, and provides the justification for the knowledge claim made about the thing. How this conflict will be resolved is a matter for the future, but one cannot be optimistic regarding what the outcomes might be. https://wordpress.com/block-editor/post/mytok.blog/3676, https://mytok.blog/2019/11/30/ct-1-perspectives-woks/. This is called perfection. 16. Certainly, any sane person will see the improvements in various technes or arts and crafts as improvements in knowledge. Is Galileos view an improvement on Aristotles view of nature is, of course, another question entirely and one which you may explore in your Exhibition. Knowledge as truth indicates that some thing has been brought to light, has been revealed and this we consider a fact; but it is only a fact within the theoretical viewing or system that has brought it to light as such. How can we distinguish between knowledge, belief and opinion? Each of the prompts is discussed in turn below: This is a useful prompt in that one may be able to respond to it in the simplest of terms or one may proceed to the very abyss of what thinking is in ones response to it. Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? That we have areas of knowledge is a recognition of the need for specialization in our studies since so much information and knowledge has been amassed in these areas through our pursuit of knowledge. This is why works of art are turned into things nowadays so that something may be said about them as to what they are and what they may mean.What is unknowable is not a thing. Values involve ethics or choices and determinations of what are best ends, what is most useful primarily for the individual and also for the community; virtues involve politics, how to best live in communities. If one follows through on this distinction between ignorance and madness, one can see that a great deal of madness is prevalent today in advanced societies. Inquiries regarding such beliefs are what are called second order questions. Thus the issue between competing scientific theories cannot always be settled by experience: One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. Leibniz was also the inventor of what we call the insurance industry today. OMG! From Platos dialectic or that conversation that is conducted among friends, we have inductive and deductive logic, from diaeresisanddianoia,the separation and the bringing together. Understanding what the purpose of a great work of art is remains for us a mystery since they appear to be purpose itself. In establishing the framework for what can be considered knowledge in our age, axioms or archai, principles, rules, laws, etc. 8. The projecting of analogies or models is part of the erecting of a framework from which you will demonstrate how you have viewed the objects/images present and show them in a new light (possibly) to others. A total world-view cannot understand itself, for from this understanding would come a questioning that would put the total world-view in question. Hence, is it our ethical duty that our thoughts, beliefs and values evolve over time when new information comes to light? His arguments appear to ignore the fact that it is the public who determines what their interests are and not an individual running for office. This will be discussed in relation to calculation and calculus a little later. In your discussion, defining counts and knowledge will be crucial as well as demonstrating how the images you have chosen illustrate your interpretations of these key terms. This helps us to understand what Socrates meant when he said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness, such a madness as one sees in Macbeth at the end of that play. As you know, you need to choose one of the 35 IA prompts to base your exhibition on. However, the soul in need of purification shuts itself off from such instruction because it feels it does not need the purification to begin with because it believes that it already knows. 34. is. (about 100 words) In the Theory of Knowledge exhibition, I will be talking about the three objects of my choice and the prompt I have linked them to. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects . Whether they are the ulemasof Muslim societies or the talking heads of the think-tanks of technological societies, it is the experts who determine how truth has been interpreted and how it should be applied to human actions within communities. The author atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being, how we have defined and classified them. The most common evidence is given through mathematical calculation i.e.. the thing is measured against something that is already known or something that is already taken for granted as known. A good explanation, like good evidence, provides reasons for the answers to the questions whence, why and how. This representational thinking, or visual thinking, determines howthe object stands i.e. How can we judge when evidence is adequate? It is the system that makes information possible. For prompt 2, youve stated that the concept of added value in economics could also be an object for this prompt. When we consider our world and the beings in it as objects we, too, experience the disappearance of otherness for it is our cognition which makes or creates those things that we consider beings in our world and the things themselves lack any kind of independent status. This system is called the technological in other areas of this writing. Do we really know what we mean when we say counts? To count comes from the Latin reor and it is directly related to the Latin word ratio. This evidence or explanation will find its grounds in the principle of sufficient reason. Bookmark. The Greeks understood technology as the theoretical knowledge that makes the practical applications possible. The first belief is also a case of knowledge in the sense of a belief in its first principles; the second is probably knowledge within the context of our conception of time; but the third is (at present) merely belief. Knowledge as it is defined in the Oxford Dictionary involves facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. what will be claimed and becomes knowledge. Even provisionally, we cannot say more than that in the field of modern atomic physics we have resigned ourselves, and we have done so because our representations are dependable. (Werner Heisenberg, The Picture of Nature in Contemporary Physics) The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge. New knowledge can have a significant impact since it could modify the values of society as a whole, hence it may change the ethics that govern us. They are considered experts because they have that knowledge by acquaintance with the subject matter upon which they speak. Due to these people's different viewpoints of how they view an article, new knowledge can sometimes change established values or beliefs, but not always. This prompt is one that many students will opt for as it will not be too difficult to define the types of knowledge and their use through objects or images. This prompt is covered in greater depth under #17. It can mean to learn, find out, hear of, but also to receive, undergo, something. relates some thing to some other thing. image/object #1 is like or as image/object #2, and so on. Infatuation is that love of the beauty which is in the eye of the beholder. The doing and making of technology, what we understand as instrumentality, is secondary to how technology determines what a being or thing is in the first place. What role do experts play in influencing our consumption or acquisition of knowledge? That human beings exist: this is a priori for all knowledge, including the knowledge you will uncover in your Exhibition. I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. These regularities determine in advance what counts as objective. This rendering is done through language of some kind. There are few who would claim to have knowledge of what is going on in modern arts circles is another example. Here are some links that might be useful in discussing the key concepts of your Exhibition regarding this topic: CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. For example, the virtue of a thoroughbred racehorse is to run fast; it is not good if it does not or cannot do so. The prompt indicates that human beings live within grounds or reasons and we view the objects of our world in terms of possibilities and potentialities. What is considered unknowable is where the search for knowledge begins so that they can become known; but notice that they will become known as things. 32. r/IBO. A priori comes from the Latin for what comes before, earlier; the a priori is the earlier. This prompt is covered in greater depth under #17. 16. they must be given to us a priori. This leads to the great temptation of solipsism, particularly among the young. What we call knowledge involves truth and judgement. The development of the media from the Gutenberg press to modern social apps and the consequences of these developments is certainly a topic or theme that can be addressed here. One might view the current war on terrorism in this light and a fruitful Exhibition can result from determining how this may be the case. For more on the way of knowing involved in techne see the following links: Teacher The providing of sufficient reasons is related to what is known as the correspondence theory of truth. Objects are shorn of their essences and regarded as mere individuals (or ones/units) conforming to mathematical regularities. Your response to this prompt will depend on the areas of knowledge that you choose your objects/images from. 194. are established so that there is little room to discuss the objects and their being that are under scrutiny. We may gain our knowledge from parents, peers, teachers or others with whom we come in contact, but this knowledge must be made our own. Read this prompt together with #19. However, the heliocentric theory proved that the earth was spherical and the sun was at the center of the cosmos. It was done and we live with the reality of their presence. I have a hard time distinguishing between added value and branding when I attempt to understand the concept myself. are also objects that could come under consideration with this prompt. According to Wikipedia, a good explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of interpreted facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those interpreted facts. This description of the facts etc. From world-views and world-pictures is determined what and how we understand what our personal and shared knowledge are to be. We skip over knowing the reasons for the things being as they are because we, in fact, alreadyknowthem for being what they are and as they are.The Greeks began their journey to thought by first trusting in that which they were seeking, but they also doubted. To experiment is where we intervene in something to see what happens: if we do such and such, only now we do so in anticipation of regularity, e.g. It is commonly understood that people who are more knowledgeable in political realm. Sophia and episteme arenot opinion because they are already complete i.e. Bringing this pre-programmed response to light will help you in your search for self-knowledge in that how you interpret things i.e. Various communities of knowers establish world-pictures in which only those in the know are able to participate. Scepticism and doubt are the proper approaches to claims made by experts in many areas of knowledge. Quantum physics challenges what we have understood historically as causality and the role of reason in understanding the world about us, but because its results are reliable and dependable we can count on those results as giving us all that we need to know. It is extremely difficult to question the ethics of those possibilities and potentialities because the language from which we could question them arose within the same crucible of seeing or theory that made them possible in the first place i.e. 'Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs | Clastify Theory of Knowledge : TOK Exhibition Written Commentary. We establish values for a reason, and that reason has to do with who we are. It becomes something subjective. We find such certainty and surety in the knowledge that results from mathematical calculation; that is, mathematical calculation is a predication of the subject knowledge i.e. When what is is defined as object, as object it becomes the ground and basis of all things, their determinations as to what they are, and the kinds of questioning that determine those determinations. The truth of what is past or historical must be disinterred and become claimed as current knowledge. Opinion is an attempt to reveal the truth of something covered over or hidden. In responses to the other prompts, the interpretations of the key concepts in those prompts suggest that not only is objectivity possible, it is our way of being-in-the-world, for it is through our perceptions of things that we turn everything into an object; and it is only by being an object that we can begin any discussion of them and, thus, acquire any knowledge of them. Correctness is being directed toward something, making statements that are fitted or suitable for the things that are spoken about. It is an awareness or a familiarity with a subject be it theoretical or practical. A world-view is often arbitrary and peremptory. An examination of what we understand as History can occur here. A specific discussion of the computer as an example can be found at this link: https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. This is what you are attempting to do in your Exhibition. Each historical age has its own particular concept of greatness; and our concept of greatness is purely quantitative, the gigantic not only gigantic monuments, but the traversal of vast distances at immense velocities, etc. How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? Modern machine technology looks to science, to scientific, empirical, practical, reliable, proven facts and is not guided by murky theory. Implication is the act of implying,the state of being implied. That is, the thing must give itself back to us as an object prior to our investigation of it. See prompts #19, #31.When we speak of grounds, we are speaking about whether the evidence or the explanation regarding the thing which is being spoken about is adequate or justified. It is this gap in our knowledge of what is our own and what is not that is a great mystery for us if we give thought to it. Ancient and medieval human beings were not subjects: The worlds becoming a picture is one and the same process as mans becoming a subjectum among beings. The mystery of the principle of reason is what has come to define human beings as the animal rationale. What challenges are raised by the dissemination and/or communication of knowledge? Can new knowledge change established. the technological. Should some knowledge not be sought on ethical grounds? If sufficient reasons are not given, we doubt the truth of the claim being made. Technology, understood as instrumentality, is a matter of ends and means. 31. We believe that a truth is only a truth if a reason can be rendered for it. We can think of experience as an isolated, temporary experience or an inner, psychical event, intrinsically detached both from the body and from the external world. Our understanding of truth gives a precedence to human subjectivity. The various types of knowledge that were understood by the Greeks and which are outlined in the linkCT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower indicate that interpretation is linked to doubt and skepticism in our modern understanding of what knowledge is. In doing so, you will be viewing technology as instrumentality. But such a venturing is necessary if one truly wishes to engage in a search for the truth of things. They are what can be learned and what can be taught i.e. Whence means from where, when and speaks of the origins of the thing in question. AnywayToday Im joined by Theatre Teacher, Bob Scheer. In what ways do values affect the production of knowledge? 2, AOK: Individuals and Societies: Supplementary Notes, AOK History: Thoughts on Systemic Racism in North America, https://open.spotify.com/show/1qLxnSGpz4EeLeWZqjXmwt, A Reading of William Blakes The Tyger: Technology as Knowing and Making, Deconstructing the November 2018 Prescribed Titles for TOK Essays, TOK: Deconstructing the November 2017 Titles, It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can be, Not having a complete personal knowledge of how the computer or hand phone functions is not really necessary unless they do not work and we must consult the experts to find out what has gone wrong. His original term was areteor what we have translated as virtue, and knowing oneself was to have knowledge of ones possibilities and potentialities. You may also wish to discuss owe and its distinctions from own and the possible implications of these in any discussion of this prompt. OT 3: Knowledge and Politics Part 1. 20. In the examples that I frequently use from the Greeks, all of them are translations of that language. Thus, the choices of image or objects for this prompt, and the conclusions to be arrived at, are almost unlimited. Procuring health is the setting up of conditions and abetting the properties that are already present in nature and allowing those conditions and properties to flourish. This prompt and topic is dealt with at greater length in the following links:CT 1: Perspectives (WOKs). can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects Isgho Votre ducation notre priorit To count on means that the knowledge produced can be relied upon with certainty to be that which is said about it. World-picture, like the concept of culture, is distinctively modern. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them . We commonly associate experiencing with an I, a subject or a consciousness. Hence the gigantic of planning and calculating. But even today, the principle of reason is not clearly understood as that which determines all cognition and behaviour. First order claims are those that are made within particular areas of knowledge or by individual knowers about the world, or in this specific case, about the importance of tools in producing knowledge and acquiring knowledge in the various areas of knowledge. I have written extensively on this topic of personal knowledge on this blog site and recommend that you view the following links to find possible approaches in narrowing your focus on this broad topic: CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment; CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower; CT 1: Self-Knowledge and Ethics. While the responsibility for the work of art belongs to the artist herself, the art that provided the prompt to bring forth the work was certainly not her own although we believe that the creativity and imagination that are inherent in the work are the artists responsibility. True education is the leading out and a liberation towards seeing revealed truth. The philosophical principles lying inside quantum physics and Heisenbergs indeterminacy principle are proofs that what was traditionally called objectivity in the sciences is no longer possible. what counts as good evidence. The word expert derives from expertise or know how and this kind of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne. I, for example, havent got a clue what is going on in the fashion arts. The difference between one concept of greatness and another is not, however, a quantitative, but also a qualitative difference. The early church claimed that the earth was flat and that earth was at the center of the universe. Our doubt and skepticism, on the other hand, is spurred by the requirement of giving sufficient reasons for a things being what and how it is, and should these not be given, then the thing is not. You have to chooseone of the following prompts and your choice of prompt will determine the methodology or the pathway as well as the design or plan that you will follow to arrive at your interpretation of the images or objects you have chosen. The features or characteristics of that knowledge which can be relied upon are those that provide surety and certainty. TOK. Our interpretations of things may be complex requiring very specialized language from various areas of knowledge or it may be simple and be provided by what we might call sound common sense. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects cscl star vessel flag autism and narcissism differences . The principle to render sufficient reasons becomes the unconditional demand to render mathematically technically computable grounds for all that is: total rationalization. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge? . Our word monster finds its root inmonere or warning. The principle of reason demands the universal and total reckoning up of everything as something calculable. which is its completeness of the calculably secure establishing of objects and the securing of the calculability of our reckoning with them.